APPIED TOXICOLOGY |
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AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY |
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AVERMECTIN TOXICOLOGY |
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BIOMATERIAL TOXICOLOGY |
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Biocompatible materials are intended to interface with biological systems to evaluate, treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body
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CANCER - GENERAL |
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Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis. This unregulated growth is caused by damage to DNA, resulting in mutations to genes that encode for proteins controlling cell division. Many mutation events may be required to transform a normal cell into a malignant cell. These mutations can be caused by chemicals or physical agents called carcinogens, by close exposure to radioactive materials, or by certain viruses that can insert their DNA into the human genome. Mutations occur spontaneously, or are passed down generations as a result of germ line mutations.
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CANCER - TESTICULAR |
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Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. In the United States, about 8,000 to 9,000 diagnoses of testicular cancer are made each year. Over his lifetime, a mans chance of getting testicular cancer is roughly 1 in 250 (four tenths of one percent, or 0.4%). It is most common among males aged 1540 years. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers: in excess of ninety percent; essentially one hundred percent if it has not spread. Even for the relatively few cases in which the cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate of at least fifty percent.
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CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY |
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COMBUSTION TOXICOLOGY |
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DEATH INVESTIGATION |
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Forensic Pathologists can perform a full forensic autopsy which can very often provide answers to families and next of kin when deaths occur that cannot be explained or when there are suspicious circumstances involved. It is often the first step in determining whether there are any issues of Medical Malpractice that can lead to legal litigation.
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While ADR is probably the most precise term to describe the concept, it is not widely used in the community since it may be perceived as jargon and because of the negative-associations with the term "drug". Alternative terms with equivalent meaning to ADR include: side-effect, adverse event, adverse effect, etc. Find Occuaptional Toxicology experts and witnesses in the DRUG INTERACTIONS & SIDE EFFECTS category." title="DRUG INTERACTIONS & SIDE EFFECTS SPECIALISTS -An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) is a term to describe the unwanted, negative consequences sometimes associated with the use of medications. ADR is a particular type of adverse effect. The term is preferred over the colloquial and imprecise "side-effect" as "side-effect" implies the potential for beneficial consequences.
While ADR is probably the most precise term to describe the concept, it is not widely used in the community since it may be perceived as jargon and because of the negative-associations with the term "drug". Alternative terms with equivalent meaning to ADR include: side-effect, adverse event, adverse effect, etc. Find Occuaptional Toxicology experts witnesses in the DRUG INTERACTIONS & SIDE EFFECTS category."> DRUG INTERACTIONS & SIDE EFFECTS |
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DRUG INTERACTIONS & SIDE EFFECTS SPECIALISTS -An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) is a term to describe the unwanted, negative consequences sometimes associated with the use of medications. ADR is a particular type of adverse effect. The term is preferred over the colloquial and imprecise "side-effect" as "side-effect" implies the potential for beneficial consequences.
While ADR is probably the most precise term to describe the concept, it is not widely used in the community since it may be perceived as jargon and because of the negative-associations with the term "drug". Alternative terms with equivalent meaning to ADR include: side-effect, adverse event, adverse effect, etc.
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DRUG TESTING |
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A Drug test is a process using some kind of biological matter taken from an individual to determine previous drug use. Drug testing is a subject of much controversy. Many have argued that it is an invasion of privacy. The accuracy and effectiveness of some tests are also in question, however, if proper steps are followed, including a GC/MS quantitative laboratory confirmation test, drug testing technology is highly reliable.
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DRUG TOXICOLOGY |
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DWI - Driving While Intoxicated |
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Drunk driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs to the degree that mental and motor skills are impaired. It is illegal in all jurisdictions within the U.S..
The specific criminal offense is usually called driving under the influence [of alcohol and/or other drugs] (DUI), and in some states driving while intoxicated (DWI) or operating while impaired (OWI). Such laws may also apply to boating or piloting aircraft.
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EMERGENCY MEDICINE |
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EMERGENCY MEDICINE - The branch of medicine concerned with the provision of immediate treatment to the acutely ill or injured. Emergency medicine is a branch of medicine that is practiced in a hospital emergency department, in the field (in a modified form; see EMS), and other locations where initial medical treatment of illness takes place.
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ENGINEERING - FORENSIC |
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Forensic engineering is the investigation of materials, products, structures or components that fail or do not operate/function as intended. A criminal aspect is possible in any investigation but is not always the case; civil cases are much more common. Generally the purpose of a forensic engineering investigation is to locate cause or causes of failure with a view to improve performance or life of a component. It can also involve investigation of intellectual property claims, especially patents. Methods used in forensic investigations include reverse engineering, inspection of witness statements, a working knowledge of current standards, as well as examination of the failed component itself. The fracture surface of a failed product can reveal much information on how the item failed and the loading pattern prior to failure.
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ENVIRONMENT TOXICOLOGY |
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Environmental Toxicology refers to the part of Toxicology that studies the fate, behavior, properties, effects and levels of toxicants in the environment. It refers also to the study of the effects that this type of exposure causes in living organisms like animals and humans.
Generally the toxicants of concern are man-made compounds referred to as xenobiotics. This concept however, is not absolute and toxins and other toxic levels of endogenous compounds like hormones and vitamins are included as well.
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ENVIRONMENT TOXICOLOGY |
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EXPERT WITNESS SALES |
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An expert witness is a witness, who by virtue of education, or profession, or experience, is believed to have special knowledge of his subject beyond that of the average person, sufficient that others may officially (and legally) rely upon his opinion.
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FOOD TOXICOLOGY |
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FORENSIC MEDICINE |
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FORENSIC MEDICINE - Experts in the science that teaches the application of every branch of medical knowledge to the purposes of the law, in order to enable a court of law to arrive at a proper conclusion on a contested question affecting life or property.
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FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY |
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FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY |
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Forensic toxicology is the use of toxicology to aid medicolegal investigation of death and poisoning.
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GMP - GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES |
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Good Manufacturing Practice is a set of regulations, codes, and guidelines for the manufacture of drugs (known as medicinal products in Europe), medical devices, diagnostic products, foods products and Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs).
Since sampling products will statistically only ensure that the samples themselves (and perhaps the areas adjacent to where the samples were taken) are suitable for use, and end-point testing relies on sampling, GMP takes the holistic approach of regulating the production and laboratory testing environment itself. An extremely important part of GMPs is documenting every aspect of the process, activities, and of operations. If the documentation is not correct and in order, showing how the product was made and tested, that allows for traceability, and recall from the market in the event of future problems, then the product is considered contaminated (in the US considered adulterated).
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HEALTH / SAFETY |
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Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of employees, organisations, and others affected by the work they undertake (such as customers, suppliers, and members of the public).
The primary, and arguably most prominent reason for occupational safety and health (OSH) standards are moral - an employee should not have to expect that by coming to work they are risking life or limb, and nor should others affected by their undertaking.
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INDUSTRIAL TOXICOLOGY |
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INHALATION TOXICOLOGY |
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INJURY INTERPRETATION |
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Forensic Pathologists can perform a full forensic autopsy which can very often provide answers to families and next of kin when deaths from injuries occur that cannot be explained or when there are suspicious circumstances involved. It is often the first step in determining whether there are any issues of Medical Malpractice that can lead to legal litigation.
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INSURANCE - GENERAL |
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General insurance policies, including automobile and homeowners policies, provide payments depending on the loss from a particular financial event. General insurance typically comprises any insurance that is not determined to be life insurance, and is called property and casualty insurance in the U.S..
In the UK, General insurance is broadly divided into three areas; personal lines, commercial lines and London market.
The London market insures with large commercial risks, for example insuring supermarkets, football players and other very specific risks.
Commercial lines products are usually designed for relatively small legal entities. These would include workers comp (employers liability), public liability, product liability, commercial fleet and other general insurance products sold in a relatively standard fashion to many organisations.
Personal lines products are designed to be sold in large quantities. This would include autos (private car), homeowners (household), pet insurance, creditor insurance and others.
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IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY |
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IN VIVO TOXICOLOGY |
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LEAD |
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Lead is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pb (L. plumbum) and atomic number 82. A soft, heavy, toxic and malleable poor metal, lead is bluish white when freshly cut but tarnishes to dull gray when exposed to air. Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, and fusible alloys. Lead has the highest atomic number of all stable elements. (But see the article on Bismuth, which has a half life so long it can be considered stable.)
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OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY |
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Occupational safety and health is the discipline concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of employees, organisations, and others affected by the work they undertake (such as customers, suppliers, and members of the public).
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PHARMACOLOGY |
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Pharmacology (in Greek: pharmacon meaning drug, and logos meaning science) is the study of how chemical substances interact with living systems. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.
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POLLUTION |
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Pollution is the release of environmental contaminants. Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles are common air pollutants. Sunlight converts nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons to ozone or smog. Water pollutants may consist of a wide range of organic and inorganic chemicals such as heavy metals, petrochemicals, chloroform, and bacteria. Water pollution may also occur in the form of thermal pollution and dissolved oxygen depletion. Soil contamination is an important aspect of environmental pollution; this phenomenon occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons. The U.S., Russia, China and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions; however, Canada is the number two country on a per capita basis.
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POLYMER TOXICOLOGY |
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PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE |
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Generally speaking, preventive medicine (often mis-spelled and mis-pronounced "preventative medicine") is that part of medicine engaged with preventing disease rather than curing it. It can be contrasted not only with curative medicine, but also with public health methods (which work at the level of population health rather than individual health).
Professionals involved the public health aspect of this practice may be involved in entomology, pest control, and public health inspections. Public health inspections can include recreational waters, pools, beaches, food preparation and serving, and industrial hygiene inspections and surveys.
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TOXICOLOGY |
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Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem, including the prevention and betterment of such adverse effects.
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TOXICOLOGY |
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Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemical, physical or biological agents on living organisms and the ecosystem, including the prevention and betterment of such adverse effects.
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TOXICOLOGY HAZARD |
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UNEXPLAINED HOSPITAL DEATHS |
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Forensic Pathologists can perform a full forensic autopsy which can very often provide answers to families and next of kin when deaths occur in a hospital setting. It is often the first step in determining whether there are any issues of Medical Malpractice that can lead to legal litigation.
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