ALCOHOL ABUSE |
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Alcoholism is the compulsive consumption of alcohol. Some believe it to be a biological disease. The etiology and nature of alcoholism are both currently being debated within the medical and scientific communities and the very definition of alcoholism is a part of that debate. Alcoholism is often a controversial subject and the disease hypothesis represents a focus of the debate.
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BICYCLE HELMETS |
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A bicycle helmet is designed to provide head protection for cyclists. Helmets are most suitable for preventing injury in straight falls, and for reducing friction related damage to the head. Modern bicycle helmets were first developed in the 1970s.
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BIOMEDICAL PHYSICS |
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Biomedical physics involves thorough investigation of any matter related to the domain of living or biological systems. Usually biomedical denotes a greater stress on problems related to human health and diseases. Where some technology development is used, Biomedical engineering term is often used. Bioengineering has two wings: Biomedical Engineering (dealing more with the Biophysics), and Biotechnology (dealing more with the Biochemistry).
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CANCER - BONE |
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Bone Cancer that arises in the bone (primary bone cancer) is not the same disease as cancer that spreads to the bone from another part of the body (secondary bone cancer). Primary bone cancer is rare, with approximately 2,500 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States. More commonly, bones are the site of tumors that result from the spread (metastasis) of cancer from another organ, such as the breasts, lungs, and prostate.
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CANCER - COLON |
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Cancer that begins in the colon is called colon cancer, and cancer that begins in the rectum is called rectal cancer. Cancers affecting either of these organs may also be called colorectal cancer.
When colorectal cancer spreads outside the colon or rectum, cancer cells are often found in nearby lymph nodes. If cancer cells have reached these nodes, they may also have spread to other lymph nodes, the liver, or other organs.
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CANCER - ESOPHAGEAL |
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Esophageal Cancer that forms in tissues lining the esophagus (the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach). Two types of esophageal cancer are squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the esophagus) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids).
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CANCER - GENERAL |
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Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to invade other tissues, either by direct growth into adjacent tissue through invasion or by implantation into distant sites by metastasis. This unregulated growth is caused by damage to DNA, resulting in mutations to genes that encode for proteins controlling cell division. Many mutation events may be required to transform a normal cell into a malignant cell. These mutations can be caused by chemicals or physical agents called carcinogens, by close exposure to radioactive materials, or by certain viruses that can insert their DNA into the human genome. Mutations occur spontaneously, or are passed down generations as a result of germ line mutations.
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CANCER - HODGKINS DISEASE |
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Hodgkin's lymphoma, formerly known as Hodgkin's disease, is a type of lymphoma described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832, and characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells.
Hodgkin's Disease - A cancer of the immune system that is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed Sternberg cell. Symptoms include the painless enlarged lymph nodes, spleen, or other immune tissue. Other symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, or night sweats. Also called Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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CANCER - KIDNEY |
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Renal cell carcinoma, also known by the eponym Grawitz tumor, is the most common form of kidney cancer arising from the renal tubule. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. Initial therapy is with surgery. It is notoriously resistant to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, although some cases respond to immunotherapy.
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CANCER - LEUKEMIA |
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Leukemia (leukaemia in Commonwealth English) is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). It is part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms.
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CANCER - LIVER |
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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, also called hepatoma or liver cancer) is a primary malignancy (cancer) of the liver. Most cases of HCC are secondary to either hepatitis infection (usually hepatitis B or C) or cirrhosis (alcoholism being the most common cause of hepatic cirrhosis). In countries where hepatitis is not endemic, most cancers in the liver are not primary HCC but metastasis (spread) of cancer from elsewhere in the body, e.g. the colon. Treatment options of HCC and prognosis are dependent on many factors but especially on tumor size and staging.
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CANCER - LUNG |
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Lung cancer is a cancer of the lungs characterised by the presence of malignant tumours. Most commonly it is bronchogenic carcinoma (about 90%). Lung cancer is one of the most lethal of cancers worldwide, causing up to 3 million deaths annually. Only one in ten patients diagnosed with this disease will survive the next five years. Although lung cancer was previously an illness that affected predominately men, the lung cancer rate for women has been increasing in the last few decades, which has been attributed to the rising ratio of female to male smokers.
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CANCER - LYMPHOMA |
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Lymphoma is any of a variety of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system. In technical terms, lymphoma denotes malignancies of lymphocytes or, more rarely, of histiocytes. Collectively, these cell types form the reticuloendothelial system and circulate in the vessels of the lymphatic system. Just as there are many types of lymphocytes, so there are many types of lymphoma. Lymphomas are part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms.
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CANCER - OVARIAN |
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ORARIAN Cancer - Ovarian epithelial cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissue covering the ovary. Ovarian epithelial cancer is one type of cancer that affects the ovary.
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CANCER - PROSTATE |
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Prostate cancer is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Cancer occurs when cells of the prostate mutate and begin to multiply out of control. These cells may spread (metastasize) from the prostate to other parts of the body, especially the bones and lymph nodes. Prostate cancer may cause pain, difficulty in urinating, erectile dysfunction and other symptoms.
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CANCER - SARCOMA |
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A sarcoma is a cancer of the connective or supportive tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels).
The term comes from a Greek word meaning "fleshy growth." Bone tumors (osteosarcomas) are also called sarcomas, but are in a separate category because they have different clinical and microscopic characteristics and are treated differently. Osteogenic sarcoma or osteosarcoma is one of the most common childhood bone cancers. Soft tissue sarcomas are more common in adults than in children. In all, sarcomas constitute less than 1% of all cancers. Its treatment is made more difficult with the existence of more than 70 varieties. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common form of sarcoma, with approximately 3000-3500 cases per year in the United States.
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CANCER - STOMACH |
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Stomach cancer (also called gastric cancer) can develop in any part of the stomach and may spread throughout the stomach and to other organs, particularly the esophagus, small intestine. It also may extend through the stomach wall and spread to nearby lymph nodes and to organs such as the liver, pancreas, and colon. Stomach cancer also may spread to distant organs, such as the lungs, the lymph nodes above the collar bone, and the ovaries. Metastasis to the ovary is called a Krukenberg tumor.
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CANCER - TESTICULAR |
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Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that develops in the testicles, a part of the male reproductive system. In the United States, about 8,000 to 9,000 diagnoses of testicular cancer are made each year. Over his lifetime, a mans chance of getting testicular cancer is roughly 1 in 250 (four tenths of one percent, or 0.4%). It is most common among males aged 1540 years. Testicular cancer has one of the highest cure rates of all cancers: in excess of ninety percent; essentially one hundred percent if it has not spread. Even for the relatively few cases in which the cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate of at least fifty percent.
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CANCER - UTERINE |
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Uterine cancer is cancer of the uterus.
The most common form of uterine cancer is endometrial cancer, cancer of the endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus.
Cancers of the muscular layer of the uterus or myometrium, known as uterine sarcoma are less common, and are generally more aggressive than endometrial cancers.
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CEREBRAL PALSY |
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Cerebral palsy
is a term used to describe a group of chronic conditions affecting body movements and muscle coordination. It is caused by damage to one or more specific areas of the brain, usually occurring during fetal development, or during infancy. It can also occur before, during or shortly following birth. "Cerebral" refers to the brain and "Palsy" to a disorder of movement or posture.
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CONSUMER MARKETING |
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Find CONSUMER MARKETING experts and consultants for CONSUMER MARKETING litigation support. Available to be CONSUMER MARKETING expert witnesses and provide CONSUMER MARKETING forensic consulting in CONSUMER MARKETING litigation, in addition prepare CONSUMER MARKETING expert witness reports for use in deposition and/or in-court trial testimony.
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DERMATOLOGY |
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Dermatology (from Greek derma, "skin") is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands etc). A medical doctor who specializes in dermatology is a dermatologist. The surgical practice of dermatology is dermasurgery.
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DISEASE CONTROL |
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Find DISEASE CONTROL experts and consultants for DISEASE CONTROL litigation support.
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DRUG ABUSE |
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Drug abuse has a wide range of definitions, all of them relating to the use, misuse or overuse of a psychoactive drug or performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect. Some of the most commonly abused drugs include alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, methaqualone, nicotine, opium alkaloids, and minor tranquilizers. Use of these drugs may lead to criminal penalty in addition to physical, social, and psychological harm.[1] Other definitions of drug abuse fall into four main categories: Public health definitions, Mass communication and vernacular usage, Medical definitions, and Political and criminal justice definitions.
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ELDER CARE / ABUSE |
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Elder abuse is a single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person.
Elderly care or elder care is a broad term encompassing such services as assisted living, adult day care, long term care, nursing homes, hospice care, and Alzheimer's care.
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ERGONOMICS |
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Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and methods to design in order to optimize human well-being and overall system performance (definition adopted by the International Ergonomics Association in 2000).
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HEMATOLOGY / ONCOLOGY |
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Hematology (BE: haematology) is the branch of medicine that is concerned with blood, the blood-forming organs and blood diseases. Hematology includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases. Medical specialists in this domain are called hematologists.
Blood diseases affect the production of blood and its components, such as blood cells, hemoglobin, blood proteins, the mechanism of coagulation, etc.
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE |
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In medicine, infectious disease or communicable disease is disease caused by a biological agent such as by a virus, bacterium or parasite.
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LEAD |
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Lead is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Pb (L. plumbum) and atomic number 82. A soft, heavy, toxic and malleable poor metal, lead is bluish white when freshly cut but tarnishes to dull gray when exposed to air. Lead is used in building construction, lead-acid batteries, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, and fusible alloys. Lead has the highest atomic number of all stable elements. (But see the article on Bismuth, which has a half life so long it can be considered stable.)
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LIVESTOCK |
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Livestock are domesticated animals intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to make produce such as food or fibre, or for their labour. Livestock include pigs, cattle, goats, deer, sheep, yaks and poultry. The type of livestock reared varies worldwide and depends on factors such as climate, consumer demand, native animals, local traditions, and land type.
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MANAGED CARE |
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Managed care is a concept in U.S. health care based on an effort to control escalating health care costs by the health insurance industry, which supposedly defines a reasonable maximum fee which health care providers may charge for any given service.
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MEDICAL |
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Medical - Having to do with or anything pertaining to Medical treatment, Medical Malpractice, Medical review, Medical Litigation.
Find MEDICAL experts and consultants for MEDICAL litigation support. Available to be MEDICAL expert witnesses and provide MEDICAL forensic consulting in MEDICAL litigation, in addition prepare MEDICAL expert witness reports for use in deposition and/or in-court trial testimony.
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MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT MVA |
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Motor-vehicle collisions are damaging events involving road traffic, particularly automobiles. They can cause damage to vehicles, people or structures. Motor-vehicle collisions also called traffic collisions, auto accidents, road accidents, car accidents, personal injury collisions, motor vehicle acccidents, and (particularly by American radio traffic reporters) crashes kill an estimated 1.2 million people worldwide each year, and injure about forty times this number.
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NEPHROLOGY |
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Nephrology is the study of the kidney - A nephrologist is a physician who has been educated and trained in kidney diseases, kidney transplantation, and dialysis therapy. Nephrology is classified as an internal medicine subspecialty. Knowledge of internal medicine is required to obtain certification.
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OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE |
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Occupational medicine is the branch of clinical medicine most active in the field of occupational health. Occupational health physicians work closely with the occupational health team which consists of Occupational Health Nursing Professional, Industrial Hygienists, Biostaticians, Public Health Specialists, and Biomedical Engineers (namely those specializing in Ergonomics). In the United States it is one of the three medical specialties (also including aerospace medicine and public health and general preventive medicine) encompassed by the American Board of Medical Specialties recognized specialty of preventive medicine. Its principal role is the provision of health advice to organisations and individuals to ensure that the highest standards of health and safety at work can be achieved and maintained. Occupational physicians must have a wide knowledge of clinical medicine and be competent in a number of important areas.
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ONCOLOGY |
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Oncology - The branch of medicine that deals with cancer and tumors, including study of their development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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PHYSICAL THERAPY |
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Physical therapy (also known as physiotherapy) is an allied health profession concerned with the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of disease and disability through physical means. It is based upon principles of medical science, and is generally held to be within the sphere of conventional (rather than alternative) medicine. Physiotherapy is practiced by physiotherapists (also known as physical therapists, e.g. in the United States), though aspects may also be practiced under supervised delegation by physiotherapy assistants or other health professionals.
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POLLUTION |
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Pollution is the release of environmental contaminants. Carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and nitrogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles are common air pollutants. Sunlight converts nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons to ozone or smog. Water pollutants may consist of a wide range of organic and inorganic chemicals such as heavy metals, petrochemicals, chloroform, and bacteria. Water pollution may also occur in the form of thermal pollution and dissolved oxygen depletion. Soil contamination is an important aspect of environmental pollution; this phenomenon occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground storage tank leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons. The U.S., Russia, China and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions; however, Canada is the number two country on a per capita basis.
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PTSD - POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER |
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a term for certain psychological consequences of exposure to, or confrontation with, stressful experiences that the person experiences as highly traumatic. [1] These experiences can involve actual or threatened death, serious physical injury, or a threat to physical and/or psychological integrity. It is occasionally called post-traumatic stress reaction to emphasize that it is a routine result of traumatic experience rather than a manifestation of a pre-existing psychological weakness on the part of the patient.
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PUBLIC HEALTH |
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Public health is concerned with threats to the overall health of a community based on population health analysis. Many organizations define health and how to promote health differently. The World Health Organization, the United Nations body that sets standards and provides global surveillance of disease, defines health as: "A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
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SPINAL CORD INJURY |
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Spinal cord injury, or myelopathy, is a disturbance of the spinal cord that results in loss of sensation and mobility. The two common types of spinal cord injury are:
Trauma : automobile accidents, falls, gunshots, diving accidents, etc.
Disease : polio, spina bifida, tumors, Friedreichs ataxia, etc.
It is important to note that the spinal cord does not have to be completely severed for there to be a loss of function. In fact, the spinal cord remains intact in most cases of spinal cord injury.
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SURGERY - PLASTIC |
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Plastic surgery is a general term for operative manual and instrumental treatment which is performed for functional or aesthetic reasons. The word "plastic" derives from the Greek plastikos meaning to mold or to shape; its use here is not connected with modern plastics.
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TECHNOLOGY |
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Technology is a word with origins in the Greek "technologia" ("τεχνολογία") "techne", "τέχνη" ("craft") and "logia", "λογία" ("saying")." "Technology" is a broad term dealing with the use and knowledge of humanity's tools and crafts.
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